파이썬 예외 처리를 개선하는 5가지 유용한 DIY 함수

def retry_with_backoff(
    max_attempts: int = 3,
    base_delay: float = 1.0,
    exponential_base: float = 2.0,
    exceptions: Tuple[Type[Exception], ...] = (Exception,)
):
    def decorator(func: Callable):
        @functools.wraps(func)
        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
            last_exception = None
            for attempt in range(max_attempts):
                try:
                    return func(*args, **kwargs)
                except exceptions as e:
                    last_exception = e
                    if attempt < max_attempts - 1:
                        delay = base_delay * (exponential_base ** attempt)
                        time.sleep(delay)
            raise last_exception
        return wrapper
    return decorator

def safe_get(data: dict, path: Union[str, List[str]], default: Any = None, separator: str = ".") -> Any:
    if isinstance(path, str):
        keys = path.split(separator)
    else:
        keys = path
    current = data
    for key in keys:
        try:
            if isinstance(current, list):
                try: key = int(key)
                except (ValueError, TypeError): return default
            current = current[key]
        except (KeyError, IndexError, TypeError): return default
    return current